Concept:Deforestation means the long-term clearing or removal of forest vegetation, often caused by human activities such as lumbering and overgrazing.Explanation:Lumbering directly removes trees from the forest, reducing the vegetation cover. Grazing, especially when it is excessive, destroys young plants and damages the soil. This stops new trees from growing and gradually turns forest land into non-forest land. Therefore, the pair of activities that can initiate deforestation is lumbering and grazing.Answer:D. i and ii only