Concept:Indirect rule was a colonial system of administration in which Britain governed through traditional native authorities.
Explanation:Under indirect rule, British colonial officials gave power to local chiefs and traditional rulers while keeping the real authority under colonial control.
Educated African elites were deliberately kept out of the colonial administration because they were seen as a threat to British authority.
This exclusion served to strengthen the position of traditional chiefs, who were more willing to cooperate with colonial policies.
Among the given options, the clearest measure of indirect rule is not about tax collection methods but about limiting participation to the educated elite.
Therefore, the correct answer is the option that says they were excluded.
Answer:D. exclusion of the educated elite from the colonial administration