Concept:Negative effects are outcomes that harmed or weakened West African states under colonial rule.
Explanation:Colonial rule structured African economies to export raw materials and import finished goods.
This created long-term economic reliance on the colonising powers.
After independence, West African states remained dependent on foreign manufactured products and technology.
This continued dependence is known as dependency syndrome.
Building roads and rail networks, western education, and social interventions were positive impacts, not negative ones.
Answer:C. dependency syndrome