Concept:The surge of nationalism was driven by colonial oppression combined with the unifying ideology and activities of Pan-Africanism.
Explanation:Colonial rule subjected Africans to political domination, economic exploitation, and cultural humiliation.
These oppressive experiences created deep resentment and a desire for freedom.
Pan-Africanism provided an ideological direction and practical support for this struggle.
It emphasised the unity and common destiny of all people of African descent.
Its activities included conferences, publications, and campaigns against colonialism and racial discrimination.
Influential Pan-African leaders, such as Kwame Nkrumah and W.E.B. Du Bois, inspired Africans to resist colonial domination.
They urged Africans to take pride in their heritage and to demand self-government.
Thus, the nationalist surge was strengthened by the ideology and activities of Pan-Africanism.
Options A, B, and D do not directly reflect the ideological force behind the nationalist surge.
Answer:C. ideology and activities of Pan-Africanism